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Several US congressional delegations China wholesale concrete anchors are visiting the border this month to assess funding needs, according to several people familiar with the travel plans.In addition to seeking eminent domain and environmental waivers, the US government would also have to meet the requirements of the International Boundary and Water Commission, a US-Mexico pact over shared waters.

A DHS spokeswoman said the department does "not comment on or confirm the potential existence of pre-decisional, deliberative documents.The report shows the US government has begun seeking waivers to address environmental laws on building in some areas.Barriers to constructionThe report lays out غير مجاز مي باشدts to cover the border with barriers, but funding constraints and legal battles are likely to place limits on those plans.With 654 miles (1,046 km) of the border already fortified, the new construction would extend almost the length of the entire border.The first phase, estimated to غير مجاز مي باشدt only 0 million, could be a relatively easy way for Mr Trump to satisfy supporters eager to see him make good on his campaign promises to limit illegal migration.6 billion, and take more than three years to construct, based on a US Department of Homeland Security internal report seen by Reuters on Thursday. It also shows the government has begun working with existing contractors and planning steel purchases for the project.Bernstein Research, an investment research group that tracks material غير مجاز مي باشدts, has said that uncertainties around the project could drive its غير مجاز مي باشدt up to as much as billion. The report seen by Reuters is the work of a group commissioned by Mr Kelly as a final step before moving forward with requesting US taxpayer funds from Congress and getting started on construction. Mr Trump has said Congress should fund the wall upfront, but that Mexico will reimburse US taxpayers.Many غير مجاز مي باشدt estimates and timelines have been floated since Mr Trump campaigned on the promise of building a wall."The report accounted for the time and غير مجاز مي باشدt of acquiring private land, one reason for its steep price increase compared to estimates from Mr Trump and members of Congress.

Washington: President Donald Trumps "wall" along the US-Mexico border would be a series of fences and walls that would غير مجاز مي باشدt as much as . Mexico has said it will not pay.The report assumes DHS would get funding from Congress by April or May, giving the department sufficient time to secure contractors and begin construction by September. The third phase would cover an unspecified 1,080 miles (1,728 km), essentially sealing off the entire US-Mexico border.The reports estimated price-tag is much higher than a -billion figure cited by Mr Trump in his campaign and estimates as high as billion from Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.The plan lays out what it would take to seal the border in three phases of construction of fences and walls covering just over 1,250 miles (2,000 km) by the end of 2020. The report estimated that agreement alone could bring the غير مجاز مي باشدt from million per mile to million per mile in one area.A source familiar with the plans said DHS may have to go to court to seek eminent domain in order to acquire some of the private land needed to cover the final and most ambitious phase.The second phase of construction proposed in the report would cover 151 miles (242 km) of border in and around the Rio Grande Valley.

El Paso, Texas and Big Bend, Texas."A White House spokeswoman said it would be "premature" to comment on a report that has not officially been presented to the president.Mr Trump told law enforcement officials on Wednesday, "The wall is getting designed right now.The report is expected to be presented to Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Secretary John Kelly in coming days, although the administration will not necessarily take actions it recommends. But the rest of the construction will be markedly more expensive, covering a much larger stretch of land, much of it privately owned or inaccessible by road.The report said the first phase would be the smallest, targeting sections covering 26 miles (42 km) near San Diego, California; El Paso, Texas; and in Texass Rio Grande Valley.It also does not account for major physical barriers, like mountains, in areas where it would not be feasible to build

There is some fallacy in the official claims on job creation.Further, the participation of female workforce in India has been an issue for some time now. What drives such an increase is not clear from the existing analysis. As road construction is mainly in the rural areas the resulting jobs are temporary jobs for the workers displaced by the rural distress. This scheme tries to finance small and micro enterprises through banks.(Authors are with the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Madras. The amount sanctioned is said to have been almost doubled since it started. But this is definitely not the case right now. Job growth from the corporate filings too fell sharply after 2011-12, up until FY15, and has recovered since then, but the pace of the recovery has been too small.

Finally as claimed by the official stance that India only requires 7-8 million jobs every year is a gross underestimation as more graduates and agricultural workforce shift to construction and other low skilled employment.Data from the Annual Survey of Industries and the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) also confirm the picture.Second, the above mentioned numbers are arrived by assuming a linear relationship between job creation and road construction. The other factor cited is the growth in private investments due to the business-friendly initiatives by the government. The views expressed are personal). It declined sharply during the period of fastest economic growth, from 2004-05 to 2011-12. Thus the jobs created are not new employment in a strict sense. The banking crisis in the country has made bankers wary of lending and companies tend to be cautious about fresh investments. The absorbing capacity of engineering graduates in the economy too has not been impressive.3 per cent increase in road construction led to the creation of 1.To elaborate, the share of regular workers with some form of social security has also declined during the period 2004 to 2011.

This, however, declined to 45 per cent in 2011-12 and further fell to 38 per cent in 2016. But private investments have seen a steady decline, and cannot be seen as a contributor to jobs growth. As a result there will be a huge employment deficit even if 7-8 million jobs are created annually.Official numbers point to a huge increase in employment creation pointing to excess jobs in the economy. Thus the increase in the subscriber base of EPFO from 2017 to 2018 can be seen as a penetration of social security among the regular workers, but not new jobs being created. The share of women attending to domestic duties was higher in urban than in rural, but there was higher rise in the share of women in domestic duties in rural India. This points to the poor quality of the employment generated as lack of contracts increases the vulnerability of the workers. But the contribution of all the three seems to be exaggerated. In 2004-05, 50 per cent of the regular workers had some form of social security. The pace of this recovery has been a matter of debate in recent times, with some pointing to a remarkable turnaround in recent times.Even though claims of jobless growth might be exaggerated, the reality is that the economy has been facing a slowdown in the growth of ‘regular’ jobs in recent years. As per the scheme small and micro enterprises may seek a loan of up to `10 lakh to develop their business.7 million to 3 million jobs in construction of roads alone were created. The argument is that between 2009-10 and 2011-12, an 8.According to the official stance there are three drivers of job creation (a) increased road construction, (b) small finance provisioning under MUDRA and (c) improved investment climate leading to higher investments.This rural crisis has been a result of the major disturbances created in the rural economy through demonetisation, back-to-back droughts and falling prices.Surjit Bhalla, member of the Economic Advisory Council to the PM (PMEAC), claims that the increase in road construction has been a major driver of jobs and argues that an estimated 1.The performance of the firms in the subsequent two years cannot be any better due to the dual disturbances of demonetisation and GST which are said to have greater impact on small and micro enterprises.

This is accompanied by an increase in the number of women who were "attending to domestic duties" as per the five-year NSSO surveys in the year preceding them. This turnaround looks counterintuitive as we find a steady decline in workers having some form of social security from 2011 to 2016 and then a big increase in 2017. The slowdown in investments has structural roots.The last two rounds of National Sample Survey Office data in five-year frequency show that the net annual addition to regular jobs was roughly two-and-a-half million between 2004-05 and 2011-12 and this slowed down to one and a half million between 2011-12 and 2016. MUDRA scheme started in 2015 is also cited as a possible reason for the growth in jobs. When we consider the organised manufacturing sector for 2015-16 (the first year of the scheme), we find that the number of workers and total persons engaged slightly fell from 2014-15 for the small enterprises.2 million jobs. Then the same rate is used to predict the job creation in 2017-18, which might lead to an exaggeration of the numbers as the effect of a percent increase might be very much different in 2017-18 than between 2009-12 due to the improvements in road construction technology and associated factors.Increased subscription base of Employees Provident Fund Office (EPFO) has been used to substantiate the claim of a turnaround in employment growth.However, the average loan size is about Rs 45,000, which limits the possibility of investment in production ventures, which are employment-creating. But the estimates suffer from two inherent problems; one is the fact that the majority of the workforce involved in road construction is low-skilled and less educated, and that being the case, the majority of them might simply be anchor bolts Manufacturers rural agricultural workers who have been displaced from their jobs due to the acute agricultural distress in the rural economy. As a result, jobs created will be much lower than the estimated 3 million. In fact in an era of increasing casualisation, the share of regular workers with at least written contracts fell from 45 per cent in 2004-05 to 38 per cent in 2011-12 and further to 30 per cent in 2016

Tarpaulin or green net on scaffolding around the area of construction and the building not fully provided," the notice said. Terming them a major source of air pollution, several Delhi government officials said fines were imposed after a field survey by the committee found these construction sites flouting norms on air pollution.

In the case of the British School, the Delhi Pollution Control Committee found during its inspection that all construction debris and material of any kind stored on the site was not fully covered so that it could not disperse in air in any form. According to the IIT-Kanpur study, carried out between 2012 and 2015, road dust is the top contributor to both PM10 and PM2. in Gautam Budh Nagar of Uttar Pradesh for causing dust pollution. The government had earlier issued notices to over 200 infrastructure projects/builders in the national capital for causing dust pollution.The AAP government has imposed an environment compensation penalty of Rs 50,000 per day on 20 major projects, including British School in Chanakyapuri, proposed Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies in Rohini, National Small Industries Corp.

Cracking the whip on the real estate sector, the NGT had last year announced a fine of Rs 50,000 on those causing air pollution due to dust emanating from construction sites in the National Capital Region and it had also made wearing of masks mandatory by the construction workers.Though there have been several studies in the past on the major sources of pollution in the capital, the last comprehensive study on this issue by Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, had clearly shown that road dust and not vehicular pollution was the biggest source of air pollution.Same was the case with Pawan Hans Ltd, where the DPCC found that all construction debris and construction material stored at the site had not been fully covered so that it could not disperse in air in any form.

The Delhi Pollution Control Committee had issued notices to 200 construction sites and sought clarification following directions issued by the NGT, the green watchdog. All vehicles, including those carrying construction materials and debris of any kind, were not cleaned and wheels washed before leaving the construction site.In its order, the Delhi Pollution Control Committee directed the defaulters to deposit the cumulative compensation for default to be calculated at the rate of Rs 50,000 per day from the date of issuance of notice on April 29 up to the day of deposition of the compliance report. "Unpaved surfaces and areas with loose soil were not adequately sprinkled with water to suppress dust.5 emissions in Delhi.

The list of major concrete anchor projects found violating dust norms, include Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College project in Dwarka, construction of district courts opposite Mata Sundari College, Redevelopment of East Kidwai Nagar GPRA complex, Multiplex-cum-Commercial Development in Chanakyapuri, EWS Housing for Slum Relocation in Bawana, Low غير مجاز مي باشدt Housing in Tikri Kalan, Prefab LIG and EWS for DDA in Narela, DDA’s mega-housing project in Vasant Kunj and Group Housing Societies Complex near Sultan Garhi Tomb. Interestingly, a large number of defaulters did not respond to notices sent by the city government.